2026-02-07 15:47:37 +00:00
11 changed files with 736 additions and 173 deletions
--- a/.ai/context.json
+++ b/.ai/context.json
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
    "host": "gitea",
    "owner": "egullickson",
    "repo": "motovaultpro",
-    "url": "https://git.motovaultpro.com"
+    "url": "https://git.motovaultpro.com",
+    "default_branch": "main"
  },
  "ai_quick_start": {
    "load_order": [
--- a/config/traefik/traefik.yml
+++ b/config/traefik/traefik.yml
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ global:

 # Logging
 log:
-  level: INFO
+  level: DEBUG
  format: json

 # Access logs
--- a/docker-compose.prod.yml
+++ b/docker-compose.prod.yml
@@ -9,16 +9,13 @@
 #   - Development-specific settings

 services:
-  # PostgreSQL - Remove development port exposure
-  mvp-postgres:
-    ports: []
-
-  # Redis - Remove development port exposure
-  mvp-redis:
-    ports: []
-
-  # Traefik - Ensure dashboard authentication is enforced
+  # Traefik - Production log level and dashboard auth
  mvp-traefik:
+    environment:
+      LOG_LEVEL: error
+    command:
+      - --configFile=/etc/traefik/traefik.yml
+      - --log.level=ERROR
    labels:
      - "traefik.enable=true"
      - "traefik.http.routers.traefik-dashboard.rule=Host(`traefik.motovaultpro.local`)"
@@ -26,3 +23,45 @@ services:
      - "traefik.http.routers.traefik-dashboard.middlewares=dashboard-auth"
      - "traefik.http.services.traefik-dashboard.loadbalancer.server.port=8080"
      - "traefik.http.middlewares.dashboard-auth.basicauth.users=admin:$$2y$$10$$foobar"
+
+  # Backend - Production log level
+  mvp-backend:
+    environment:
+      NODE_ENV: production
+      CONFIG_PATH: /app/config/production.yml
+      SECRETS_DIR: /run/secrets
+      LOG_LEVEL: error
+      DATABASE_HOST: mvp-postgres
+      REDIS_HOST: mvp-redis
+      STRIPE_PRO_MONTHLY_PRICE_ID: prod_Toj6BG9Z9JwREl
+      STRIPE_PRO_YEARLY_PRICE_ID: prod_Toj8oo0RpVBQmB
+      STRIPE_ENTERPRISE_MONTHLY_PRICE_ID: prod_Toj8xGEui9jl6j
+      STRIPE_ENTERPRISE_YEARLY_PRICE_ID: prod_Toj9A7A773xrdn
+
+  # OCR - Production log level
+  mvp-ocr:
+    environment:
+      LOG_LEVEL: error
+      REDIS_HOST: mvp-redis
+      REDIS_PORT: 6379
+      REDIS_DB: 1
+
+  # PostgreSQL - Remove dev ports, production log level
+  mvp-postgres:
+    ports: []
+    environment:
+      POSTGRES_DB: motovaultpro
+      POSTGRES_USER: postgres
+      POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE: /run/secrets/postgres-password
+      POSTGRES_INITDB_ARGS: --encoding=UTF8
+      LOG_LEVEL: error
+      POSTGRES_LOG_STATEMENT: none
+      POSTGRES_LOG_MIN_DURATION_STATEMENT: -1
+      PGDATA: /var/lib/postgresql/data
+
+  # Redis - Remove dev ports, production log level
+  mvp-redis:
+    ports: []
+    command: redis-server --appendonly yes --loglevel ${LOG_LEVEL:-info}
+    environment:
+      LOG_LEVEL: error
--- a/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/docker-compose.yml
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ services:
    command:
      - --configFile=/etc/traefik/traefik.yml
    environment:
+      LOG_LEVEL: debug
      CLOUDFLARE_DNS_API_TOKEN_FILE: /run/secrets/cloudflare-dns-token
    ports:
      - "80:80"
@@ -112,6 +113,7 @@ services:
      NODE_ENV: production
      CONFIG_PATH: /app/config/production.yml
      SECRETS_DIR: /run/secrets
+      LOG_LEVEL: debug
      # Service references
      DATABASE_HOST: mvp-postgres
      REDIS_HOST: mvp-redis
@@ -187,10 +189,12 @@ services:
    container_name: mvp-ocr
    restart: unless-stopped
    environment:
-      LOG_LEVEL: info
+      LOG_LEVEL: debug
      REDIS_HOST: mvp-redis
      REDIS_PORT: 6379
      REDIS_DB: 1
+    volumes:
+      - /tmp/vin-debug:/tmp/vin-debug
    networks:
      - backend
      - database
@@ -218,8 +222,10 @@ services:
      POSTGRES_USER: postgres
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE: /run/secrets/postgres-password
      POSTGRES_INITDB_ARGS: --encoding=UTF8
-      POSTGRES_LOG_STATEMENT: ${POSTGRES_LOG_STATEMENT:-ddl}
-      POSTGRES_LOG_MIN_DURATION_STATEMENT: ${POSTGRES_LOG_MIN_DURATION:-500}
+      LOG_LEVEL: debug
+      POSTGRES_LOG_STATEMENT: all
+      POSTGRES_LOG_MIN_DURATION_STATEMENT: 0
+      PGDATA: /var/lib/postgresql/data
    volumes:
      - mvp_postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
      # Secrets (K8s Secrets equivalent)
@@ -245,7 +251,9 @@ services:
    image: ${REGISTRY_MIRRORS:-git.motovaultpro.com/egullickson/mirrors}/redis:8.4-alpine
    container_name: mvp-redis
    restart: unless-stopped
-    command: redis-server --appendonly yes --loglevel ${REDIS_LOGLEVEL:-notice}
+    command: redis-server --appendonly yes --loglevel ${LOG_LEVEL:-info}
+    environment:
+      LOG_LEVEL: debug
    volumes:
      - mvp_redis_data:/data
    networks:
--- a/frontend/src/shared/components/CameraCapture/CropTool.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/components/CameraCapture/CropTool.tsx
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 * @ai-context Allows user to adjust crop area with touch/mouse, confirm or retake
 */

-import React, { useCallback, useState } from 'react';
+import React, { useCallback, useState, useRef, useEffect } from 'react';
 import { Box, IconButton, Button, Typography, CircularProgress } from '@mui/material';
 import CheckIcon from '@mui/icons-material/Check';
 import RefreshIcon from '@mui/icons-material/Refresh';
@@ -22,12 +22,30 @@ export const CropTool: React.FC<CropToolProps> = ({
  onSkip,
 }) => {
  const [isProcessing, setIsProcessing] = useState(false);
+  const imageAreaRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
+  const [imageMaxHeight, setImageMaxHeight] = useState(0);

-  const { cropArea, isDragging, resetCrop, executeCrop, handleDragStart } =
+  const { cropArea, cropDrawn, isDragging, resetCrop, executeCrop, handleDragStart, handleDrawStart } =
    useImageCrop({
      aspectRatio: lockAspectRatio ? aspectRatio : undefined,
    });

+  const showCropArea = cropDrawn || (isDragging && cropArea.width > 1 && cropArea.height > 1);
+
+  // Measure available height for the image so the crop container
+  // matches the rendered image exactly (fixes mobile crop offset)
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const updateMaxHeight = () => {
+      if (imageAreaRef.current) {
+        const rect = imageAreaRef.current.getBoundingClientRect();
+        setImageMaxHeight(rect.height - 32); // subtract p:2 padding (16px * 2)
+      }
+    };
+    updateMaxHeight();
+    window.addEventListener('resize', updateMaxHeight);
+    return () => window.removeEventListener('resize', updateMaxHeight);
+  }, []);
+
  const handleConfirm = useCallback(async () => {
    setIsProcessing(true);
    try {
@@ -61,6 +79,7 @@ export const CropTool: React.FC<CropToolProps> = ({
    >
      {/* Image with crop overlay */}
      <Box
+        ref={imageAreaRef}
        sx={{
          flex: 1,
          position: 'relative',
@@ -75,8 +94,6 @@ export const CropTool: React.FC<CropToolProps> = ({
          data-crop-container
          sx={{
            position: 'relative',
-            maxWidth: '100%',
-            maxHeight: '100%',
            userSelect: 'none',
            touchAction: isDragging ? 'none' : 'auto',
          }}
@@ -87,132 +104,156 @@ export const CropTool: React.FC<CropToolProps> = ({
            alt="Captured"
            style={{
              maxWidth: '100%',
-              maxHeight: '100%',
+              maxHeight: imageMaxHeight > 0 ? `${imageMaxHeight}px` : '70vh',
              display: 'block',
            }}
            draggable={false}
          />

+          {/* Draw surface for free-form rectangle drawing */}
+          {!cropDrawn && (
+            <Box
+              onMouseDown={handleDrawStart}
+              onTouchStart={handleDrawStart}
+              sx={{
+                position: 'absolute',
+                inset: 0,
+                cursor: 'crosshair',
+                zIndex: 5,
+                touchAction: 'none',
+              }}
+            />
+          )}
+
          {/* Dark overlay outside crop area */}
-          <Box
-            sx={{
-              position: 'absolute',
-              inset: 0,
-              pointerEvents: 'none',
-            }}
-          >
-            {/* Top overlay */}
-            <Box
-              sx={{
-                position: 'absolute',
-                top: 0,
-                left: 0,
-                right: 0,
-                height: `${cropArea.y}%`,
-                backgroundColor: 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)',
-              }}
-            />
-            {/* Bottom overlay */}
-            <Box
-              sx={{
-                position: 'absolute',
-                bottom: 0,
-                left: 0,
-                right: 0,
-                height: `${100 - cropArea.y - cropArea.height}%`,
-                backgroundColor: 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)',
-              }}
-            />
-            {/* Left overlay */}
-            <Box
-              sx={{
-                position: 'absolute',
-                top: `${cropArea.y}%`,
-                left: 0,
-                width: `${cropArea.x}%`,
-                height: `${cropArea.height}%`,
-                backgroundColor: 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)',
-              }}
-            />
-            {/* Right overlay */}
-            <Box
-              sx={{
-                position: 'absolute',
-                top: `${cropArea.y}%`,
-                right: 0,
-                width: `${100 - cropArea.x - cropArea.width}%`,
-                height: `${cropArea.height}%`,
-                backgroundColor: 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)',
-              }}
-            />
-          </Box>
-
-          {/* Crop area with handles */}
-          <Box
-            sx={{
-              position: 'absolute',
-              top: `${cropArea.y}%`,
-              left: `${cropArea.x}%`,
-              width: `${cropArea.width}%`,
-              height: `${cropArea.height}%`,
-              border: '2px solid white',
-              boxSizing: 'border-box',
-            }}
-          >
-            {/* Move handle (center area) */}
-            <CropHandleArea
-              handle="move"
-              onDragStart={handleDragStart}
-              sx={{
-                position: 'absolute',
-                inset: 8,
-                cursor: 'move',
-              }}
-            />
-
-            {/* Corner handles */}
-            <CropHandle handle="nw" onDragStart={handleDragStart} position="top-left" />
-            <CropHandle handle="ne" onDragStart={handleDragStart} position="top-right" />
-            <CropHandle handle="sw" onDragStart={handleDragStart} position="bottom-left" />
-            <CropHandle handle="se" onDragStart={handleDragStart} position="bottom-right" />
-
-            {/* Edge handles */}
-            <CropHandle handle="n" onDragStart={handleDragStart} position="top" />
-            <CropHandle handle="s" onDragStart={handleDragStart} position="bottom" />
-            <CropHandle handle="w" onDragStart={handleDragStart} position="left" />
-            <CropHandle handle="e" onDragStart={handleDragStart} position="right" />
-
-            {/* Grid lines for alignment */}
+          {showCropArea && (
            <Box
              sx={{
                position: 'absolute',
                inset: 0,
-                display: 'grid',
-                gridTemplateColumns: '1fr 1fr 1fr',
-                gridTemplateRows: '1fr 1fr 1fr',
                pointerEvents: 'none',
-                opacity: isDragging ? 1 : 0.5,
-                transition: 'opacity 0.2s',
              }}
            >
-              {Array.from({ length: 9 }).map((_, i) => (
-                <Box
-                  key={i}
-                  sx={{
-                    borderRight: i % 3 !== 2 ? '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.3)' : 'none',
-                    borderBottom: i < 6 ? '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.3)' : 'none',
-                  }}
-                />
-              ))}
+              {/* Top overlay */}
+              <Box
+                sx={{
+                  position: 'absolute',
+                  top: 0,
+                  left: 0,
+                  right: 0,
+                  height: `${cropArea.y}%`,
+                  backgroundColor: 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)',
+                }}
+              />
+              {/* Bottom overlay */}
+              <Box
+                sx={{
+                  position: 'absolute',
+                  bottom: 0,
+                  left: 0,
+                  right: 0,
+                  height: `${100 - cropArea.y - cropArea.height}%`,
+                  backgroundColor: 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)',
+                }}
+              />
+              {/* Left overlay */}
+              <Box
+                sx={{
+                  position: 'absolute',
+                  top: `${cropArea.y}%`,
+                  left: 0,
+                  width: `${cropArea.x}%`,
+                  height: `${cropArea.height}%`,
+                  backgroundColor: 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)',
+                }}
+              />
+              {/* Right overlay */}
+              <Box
+                sx={{
+                  position: 'absolute',
+                  top: `${cropArea.y}%`,
+                  right: 0,
+                  width: `${100 - cropArea.x - cropArea.width}%`,
+                  height: `${cropArea.height}%`,
+                  backgroundColor: 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)',
+                }}
+              />
            </Box>
-          </Box>
+          )}
+
+          {/* Crop area border and handles */}
+          {showCropArea && (
+            <Box
+              sx={{
+                position: 'absolute',
+                top: `${cropArea.y}%`,
+                left: `${cropArea.x}%`,
+                width: `${cropArea.width}%`,
+                height: `${cropArea.height}%`,
+                border: '2px solid white',
+                boxSizing: 'border-box',
+              }}
+            >
+              {/* Handles only appear after drawing is complete */}
+              {cropDrawn && (
+                <>
+                  {/* Move handle (center area) */}
+                  <CropHandleArea
+                    handle="move"
+                    onDragStart={handleDragStart}
+                    sx={{
+                      position: 'absolute',
+                      inset: 8,
+                      cursor: 'move',
+                    }}
+                  />
+
+                  {/* Corner handles */}
+                  <CropHandle handle="nw" onDragStart={handleDragStart} position="top-left" />
+                  <CropHandle handle="ne" onDragStart={handleDragStart} position="top-right" />
+                  <CropHandle handle="sw" onDragStart={handleDragStart} position="bottom-left" />
+                  <CropHandle handle="se" onDragStart={handleDragStart} position="bottom-right" />
+
+                  {/* Edge handles */}
+                  <CropHandle handle="n" onDragStart={handleDragStart} position="top" />
+                  <CropHandle handle="s" onDragStart={handleDragStart} position="bottom" />
+                  <CropHandle handle="w" onDragStart={handleDragStart} position="left" />
+                  <CropHandle handle="e" onDragStart={handleDragStart} position="right" />
+                </>
+              )}
+
+              {/* Grid lines for alignment */}
+              <Box
+                sx={{
+                  position: 'absolute',
+                  inset: 0,
+                  display: 'grid',
+                  gridTemplateColumns: '1fr 1fr 1fr',
+                  gridTemplateRows: '1fr 1fr 1fr',
+                  pointerEvents: 'none',
+                  opacity: isDragging ? 1 : 0.5,
+                  transition: 'opacity 0.2s',
+                }}
+              >
+                {Array.from({ length: 9 }).map((_, i) => (
+                  <Box
+                    key={i}
+                    sx={{
+                      borderRight: i % 3 !== 2 ? '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.3)' : 'none',
+                      borderBottom: i < 6 ? '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.3)' : 'none',
+                    }}
+                  />
+                ))}
+              </Box>
+            </Box>
+          )}
        </Box>
      </Box>

      {/* Instructions */}
      <Box sx={{ px: 2, py: 1, textAlign: 'center' }}>
        <Typography variant="body2" sx={{ color: 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7)' }}>
-          Drag to adjust crop area
+          {cropDrawn ? 'Drag handles to adjust crop area' : 'Tap and drag to select crop area'}
        </Typography>
      </Box>

@@ -240,7 +281,7 @@ export const CropTool: React.FC<CropToolProps> = ({
          onClick={handleReset}
          startIcon={<RefreshIcon />}
          sx={{ color: 'white' }}
-          disabled={isProcessing}
+          disabled={isProcessing || !cropDrawn}
        >
          Reset
        </Button>
@@ -256,7 +297,7 @@ export const CropTool: React.FC<CropToolProps> = ({

        <IconButton
          onClick={handleConfirm}
-          disabled={isProcessing}
+          disabled={isProcessing || !cropDrawn}
          aria-label="Confirm crop"
          sx={{
            width: 56,
--- a/frontend/src/shared/components/CameraCapture/useImageCrop.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/components/CameraCapture/useImageCrop.ts
@@ -18,16 +18,20 @@ interface UseImageCropOptions {
 interface UseImageCropReturn {
  /** Current crop area */
  cropArea: CropArea;
+  /** Whether user has drawn a crop rectangle */
+  cropDrawn: boolean;
  /** Whether user is actively dragging */
  isDragging: boolean;
  /** Set crop area */
  setCropArea: (area: CropArea) => void;
-  /** Reset crop to initial/default */
+  /** Reset crop to drawing mode */
  resetCrop: () => void;
  /** Execute crop and return cropped blob */
  executeCrop: (imageSrc: string, mimeType?: string) => Promise<Blob>;
  /** Handle drag start for crop handles */
  handleDragStart: (handle: CropHandle, event: React.MouseEvent | React.TouchEvent) => void;
+  /** Handle draw start for free-form rectangle drawing */
+  handleDrawStart: (event: React.MouseEvent | React.TouchEvent) => void;
  /** Handle move during drag */
  handleMove: (event: MouseEvent | TouchEvent) => void;
  /** Handle drag end */
@@ -78,12 +82,22 @@ export function useImageCrop(options: UseImageCropOptions = {}): UseImageCropRet
  const [cropArea, setCropAreaState] = useState<CropArea>(
    getAspectRatioAdjustedCrop(initialCrop)
  );
+  const [cropDrawn, setCropDrawn] = useState(false);
  const [isDragging, setIsDragging] = useState(false);

  const activeHandleRef = useRef<CropHandle | null>(null);
  const startPosRef = useRef({ x: 0, y: 0 });
  const startCropRef = useRef<CropArea>(cropArea);
-  const containerRef = useRef<{ width: number; height: number }>({ width: 100, height: 100 });
+  const containerRef = useRef<{ width: number; height: number; left: number; top: number }>({
+    width: 100, height: 100, left: 0, top: 0,
+  });
+  const isDrawingRef = useRef(false);
+  const drawOriginRef = useRef({ x: 0, y: 0 });
+  const cropAreaRef = useRef(cropArea);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    cropAreaRef.current = cropArea;
+  }, [cropArea]);

  const setCropArea = useCallback(
    (area: CropArea) => {
@@ -94,6 +108,7 @@ export function useImageCrop(options: UseImageCropOptions = {}): UseImageCropRet

  const resetCrop = useCallback(() => {
    setCropAreaState(getAspectRatioAdjustedCrop(initialCrop));
+    setCropDrawn(false);
  }, [initialCrop, getAspectRatioAdjustedCrop]);

  const constrainCrop = useCallback(
@@ -136,19 +151,75 @@ export function useImageCrop(options: UseImageCropOptions = {}): UseImageCropRet
      const container = target.closest('[data-crop-container]');
      if (container) {
        const rect = container.getBoundingClientRect();
-        containerRef.current = { width: rect.width, height: rect.height };
+        containerRef.current = { width: rect.width, height: rect.height, left: rect.left, top: rect.top };
      }
    },
    [cropArea]
  );

-  const handleMove = useCallback(
-    (event: MouseEvent | TouchEvent) => {
-      if (!activeHandleRef.current || !isDragging) return;
+  const handleDrawStart = useCallback(
+    (event: React.MouseEvent | React.TouchEvent) => {
+      event.preventDefault();
+
+      const target = event.currentTarget as HTMLElement;
+      const container = target.closest('[data-crop-container]');
+      if (!container) return;
+
+      const rect = container.getBoundingClientRect();
+      containerRef.current = { width: rect.width, height: rect.height, left: rect.left, top: rect.top };

      const clientX = 'touches' in event ? event.touches[0].clientX : event.clientX;
      const clientY = 'touches' in event ? event.touches[0].clientY : event.clientY;

+      const x = Math.max(0, Math.min(100, ((clientX - rect.left) / rect.width) * 100));
+      const y = Math.max(0, Math.min(100, ((clientY - rect.top) / rect.height) * 100));
+
+      startPosRef.current = { x: clientX, y: clientY };
+      drawOriginRef.current = { x, y };
+
+      setCropAreaState({ x, y, width: 0, height: 0 });
+
+      isDrawingRef.current = true;
+      activeHandleRef.current = null;
+      setIsDragging(true);
+    },
+    []
+  );
+
+  const handleMove = useCallback(
+    (event: MouseEvent | TouchEvent) => {
+      if (!isDragging) return;
+
+      const clientX = 'touches' in event ? event.touches[0].clientX : event.clientX;
+      const clientY = 'touches' in event ? event.touches[0].clientY : event.clientY;
+
+      // Free-form drawing mode: compute rectangle from origin to current pointer
+      if (isDrawingRef.current) {
+        const currentX = Math.max(0, Math.min(100,
+          ((clientX - containerRef.current.left) / containerRef.current.width) * 100));
+        const currentY = Math.max(0, Math.min(100,
+          ((clientY - containerRef.current.top) / containerRef.current.height) * 100));
+
+        const originX = drawOriginRef.current.x;
+        const originY = drawOriginRef.current.y;
+
+        let newCrop: CropArea = {
+          x: Math.min(originX, currentX),
+          y: Math.min(originY, currentY),
+          width: Math.abs(currentX - originX),
+          height: Math.abs(currentY - originY),
+        };
+
+        if (aspectRatio) {
+          newCrop.height = newCrop.width / aspectRatio;
+        }
+
+        setCropAreaState(newCrop);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (!activeHandleRef.current) return;
+
      // Calculate delta as percentage of container
      const deltaX = ((clientX - startPosRef.current.x) / containerRef.current.width) * 100;
      const deltaY = ((clientY - startPosRef.current.y) / containerRef.current.height) * 100;
@@ -234,13 +305,20 @@ export function useImageCrop(options: UseImageCropOptions = {}): UseImageCropRet

      setCropAreaState(constrainCrop(newCrop));
    },
-    [isDragging, constrainCrop]
+    [isDragging, constrainCrop, aspectRatio]
  );

  const handleDragEnd = useCallback(() => {
+    if (isDrawingRef.current) {
+      isDrawingRef.current = false;
+      const area = cropAreaRef.current;
+      if (area.width >= minSize && area.height >= minSize) {
+        setCropDrawn(true);
+      }
+    }
    activeHandleRef.current = null;
    setIsDragging(false);
-  }, []);
+  }, [minSize]);

  // Add global event listeners for drag
  useEffect(() => {
@@ -304,7 +382,7 @@ export function useImageCrop(options: UseImageCropOptions = {}): UseImageCropRet
              }
            },
            mimeType,
-            0.92
+            0.95
          );
        };

@@ -320,11 +398,13 @@ export function useImageCrop(options: UseImageCropOptions = {}): UseImageCropRet

  return {
    cropArea,
+    cropDrawn,
    isDragging,
    setCropArea,
    resetCrop,
    executeCrop,
    handleDragStart,
+    handleDrawStart,
    handleMove,
    handleDragEnd,
  };
--- a/ocr/app/extractors/vin_extractor.py
+++ b/ocr/app/extractors/vin_extractor.py
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 """VIN-specific OCR extractor with preprocessing and validation."""
 import io
 import logging
+import os
 import time
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from datetime import datetime
 from typing import Optional

 import magic
@@ -57,9 +59,31 @@ class VinExtractor(BaseExtractor):
    # VIN character whitelist for Tesseract
    VIN_WHITELIST = "ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTUVWXYZ0123456789"

+    # Fixed debug output directory (inside container)
+    DEBUG_DIR = "/tmp/vin-debug"
+
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        """Initialize VIN extractor."""
        pytesseract.pytesseract.tesseract_cmd = settings.tesseract_cmd
+        self._debug = settings.log_level.upper() == "DEBUG"
+
+    def _save_debug_image(self, session_dir: str, name: str, data: bytes) -> None:
+        """Save image bytes to the debug session directory when LOG_LEVEL=debug."""
+        if not self._debug:
+            return
+        path = os.path.join(session_dir, name)
+        with open(path, "wb") as f:
+            f.write(data)
+        logger.debug("Saved debug image: %s (%d bytes)", name, len(data))
+
+    def _create_debug_session(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Create a timestamped debug directory. Returns path or None."""
+        if not self._debug:
+            return None
+        ts = datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d_%H%M%S_%f")
+        session_dir = os.path.join(self.DEBUG_DIR, ts)
+        os.makedirs(session_dir, exist_ok=True)
+        return session_dir

    def extract(
        self, image_bytes: bytes, content_type: Optional[str] = None
@@ -89,21 +113,91 @@ class VinExtractor(BaseExtractor):
            )

        try:
+            debug_session = self._create_debug_session()
+
+            logger.debug(
+                "VIN extraction input: %d bytes, content_type=%s",
+                len(image_bytes), content_type,
+            )
+            if debug_session:
+                self._save_debug_image(debug_session, "01_original.jpg", image_bytes)
+
            # Apply VIN-optimized preprocessing
            preprocessing_result = vin_preprocessor.preprocess(image_bytes)
            preprocessed_bytes = preprocessing_result.image_bytes
+            logger.debug(
+                "Preprocessing steps: %s", preprocessing_result.preprocessing_applied
+            )
+            if debug_session:
+                self._save_debug_image(
+                    debug_session, "02_preprocessed_adaptive.png", preprocessed_bytes
+                )

            # Perform OCR with VIN-optimized settings
            raw_text, word_confidences = self._perform_ocr(preprocessed_bytes)
+            logger.debug("PSM 6 raw text: '%s'", raw_text)
+            logger.debug("PSM 6 word confidences: %s", word_confidences)

            # Extract VIN candidates from raw text
            candidates = vin_validator.extract_candidates(raw_text)
+            logger.debug("PSM 6 candidates: %s", candidates)

            if not candidates:
                # No VIN candidates found - try with different PSM modes
                candidates = self._try_alternate_ocr(preprocessed_bytes)

            if not candidates:
+                # Try grayscale-only (no thresholding) — the Tesseract
+                # LSTM engine often performs better on non-binarized input
+                # because it does its own internal preprocessing.
+                gray_result = vin_preprocessor.preprocess(
+                    image_bytes, apply_threshold=False
+                )
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Grayscale preprocessing steps: %s",
+                    gray_result.preprocessing_applied,
+                )
+                if debug_session:
+                    self._save_debug_image(
+                        debug_session, "04_preprocessed_gray.png",
+                        gray_result.image_bytes,
+                    )
+
+                raw_text, word_confidences = self._perform_ocr(
+                    gray_result.image_bytes
+                )
+                logger.debug("Gray PSM 6 raw text: '%s'", raw_text)
+                candidates = vin_validator.extract_candidates(raw_text)
+                logger.debug("Gray PSM 6 candidates: %s", candidates)
+                if not candidates:
+                    candidates = self._try_alternate_ocr(
+                        gray_result.image_bytes, prefix="Gray"
+                    )
+
+            if not candidates:
+                # Try alternative preprocessing (Otsu's thresholding)
+                otsu_result = vin_preprocessor.preprocess_otsu(image_bytes)
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Otsu preprocessing steps: %s",
+                    otsu_result.preprocessing_applied,
+                )
+                if debug_session:
+                    self._save_debug_image(
+                        debug_session, "03_preprocessed_otsu.png",
+                        otsu_result.image_bytes,
+                    )
+
+                raw_text, word_confidences = self._perform_ocr(otsu_result.image_bytes)
+                logger.debug("Otsu PSM 6 raw text: '%s'", raw_text)
+                candidates = vin_validator.extract_candidates(raw_text)
+                logger.debug("Otsu PSM 6 candidates: %s", candidates)
+                if not candidates:
+                    candidates = self._try_alternate_ocr(
+                        otsu_result.image_bytes, prefix="Otsu"
+                    )
+
+            if not candidates:
+                logger.debug("No VIN pattern found in any OCR attempt")
                return VinExtractionResult(
                    success=False,
                    error="No VIN pattern found in image",
@@ -153,8 +247,12 @@ class VinExtractor(BaseExtractor):
            processing_time_ms = int((time.time() - start_time) * 1000)

            logger.info(
-                f"VIN extraction: {primary_vin}, confidence={primary_confidence:.2%}, "
-                f"time={processing_time_ms}ms"
+                "VIN extraction: %s, confidence=%.2f%%, time=%dms",
+                primary_vin, primary_confidence * 100, processing_time_ms,
+            )
+            logger.debug(
+                "VIN alternatives: %s",
+                [(a.vin, a.confidence) for a in alternatives],
            )

            return VinExtractionResult(
@@ -168,7 +266,7 @@ class VinExtractor(BaseExtractor):
            )

        except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"VIN extraction failed: {e}", exc_info=True)
+            logger.error("VIN extraction failed: %s", e, exc_info=True)
            return VinExtractionResult(
                success=False,
                error=str(e),
@@ -200,10 +298,15 @@ class VinExtractor(BaseExtractor):
        image = Image.open(io.BytesIO(image_bytes))

        # Configure Tesseract for VIN extraction
-        # Use character whitelist to exclude I, O, Q
+        # OEM 1 = LSTM neural network engine (best accuracy)
+        # NOTE: tessedit_char_whitelist does NOT work with OEM 1 (LSTM).
+        # Using it causes empty/erratic output.  Character filtering is
+        # handled post-OCR by vin_validator.correct_ocr_errors() instead.
        config = (
            f"--psm {psm} "
-            f"-c tessedit_char_whitelist={self.VIN_WHITELIST}"
+            f"--oem 1 "
+            f"-c load_system_dawg=false "
+            f"-c load_freq_dawg=false"
        )

        # Get detailed OCR data
@@ -224,24 +327,31 @@ class VinExtractor(BaseExtractor):
        raw_text = " ".join(words)
        return raw_text, confidences

-    def _try_alternate_ocr(self, image_bytes: bytes) -> list[tuple[str, int, int]]:
+    def _try_alternate_ocr(
+        self,
+        image_bytes: bytes,
+        prefix: str = "",
+    ) -> list[tuple[str, int, int]]:
        """
        Try alternate OCR configurations when initial extraction fails.

+        PSM modes tried in order:
+            7  - Single text line
+            8  - Single word
+            11 - Sparse text (finds text in any order, good for angled photos)
+            13 - Raw line (no Tesseract heuristics, good for clean VIN plates)
+
        Returns:
            List of VIN candidates
        """
-        # Try PSM 7 (single text line)
-        raw_text, _ = self._perform_ocr(image_bytes, psm=7)
-        candidates = vin_validator.extract_candidates(raw_text)
-        if candidates:
-            return candidates
-
-        # Try PSM 8 (single word)
-        raw_text, _ = self._perform_ocr(image_bytes, psm=8)
-        candidates = vin_validator.extract_candidates(raw_text)
-        if candidates:
-            return candidates
+        tag = f"{prefix} " if prefix else ""
+        for psm in (7, 8, 11, 13):
+            raw_text, _ = self._perform_ocr(image_bytes, psm=psm)
+            logger.debug("%sPSM %d raw text: '%s'", tag, psm, raw_text)
+            candidates = vin_validator.extract_candidates(raw_text)
+            logger.debug("%sPSM %d candidates: %s", tag, psm, candidates)
+            if candidates:
+                return candidates

        return []

--- a/ocr/app/preprocessors/vin_preprocessor.py
+++ b/ocr/app/preprocessors/vin_preprocessor.py
@@ -86,13 +86,17 @@ class VinPreprocessor:
        if len(cv_image.shape) == 3:
            cv_image = cv2.cvtColor(cv_image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2BGR)

-        # Convert to grayscale
+        # Convert to grayscale using best-contrast channel selection
        if len(cv_image.shape) == 3:
-            gray = cv2.cvtColor(cv_image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
+            gray = self._best_contrast_channel(cv_image)
        else:
            gray = cv_image
        steps_applied.append("grayscale")

+        # Upscale small images for better OCR (Tesseract needs ~300 DPI)
+        gray = self._ensure_minimum_resolution(gray)
+        steps_applied.append("resolution_check")
+
        # Apply deskew
        if apply_deskew:
            gray = self._deskew(gray)
@@ -111,6 +115,7 @@ class VinPreprocessor:
        # Apply adaptive thresholding
        if apply_threshold:
            gray = self._adaptive_threshold(gray)
+            gray = self._morphological_cleanup(gray)
            steps_applied.append("threshold")

        # Convert back to PNG bytes
@@ -123,6 +128,58 @@ class VinPreprocessor:
            preprocessing_applied=steps_applied,
        )

+    # Minimum width in pixels for reliable VIN OCR.
+    # A 17-char VIN needs ~30px per character for Tesseract accuracy.
+    MIN_WIDTH_FOR_VIN = 600
+
+    def _ensure_minimum_resolution(self, image: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
+        """
+        Upscale image if too small for reliable OCR.
+
+        Tesseract works best at ~300 DPI. Mobile photos of VINs may have
+        the text occupy only a small portion of the frame, resulting in
+        low effective resolution for the VIN characters.
+        """
+        height, width = image.shape[:2]
+        if width < self.MIN_WIDTH_FOR_VIN:
+            scale = self.MIN_WIDTH_FOR_VIN / width
+            new_width = int(width * scale)
+            new_height = int(height * scale)
+            image = cv2.resize(
+                image, (new_width, new_height), interpolation=cv2.INTER_CUBIC
+            )
+            logger.debug(f"Upscaled image from {width}x{height} to {new_width}x{new_height}")
+        return image
+
+    def _best_contrast_channel(self, bgr_image: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
+        """
+        Compute a grayscale image with dark text on light background.
+
+        Uses inverted per-pixel minimum across B, G, R channels.
+        White text has min(255,255,255) = 255 → inverted to 0 (black).
+        Colored backgrounds have a low min value (e.g. green sticker:
+        min(130,230,150) = 130) → inverted to 125 (medium gray).
+
+        The inversion ensures Tesseract always receives dark-text-on-
+        light-background, which is the polarity it expects.
+        """
+        b_channel, g_channel, r_channel = cv2.split(bgr_image)
+
+        min_channel = np.minimum(np.minimum(b_channel, g_channel), r_channel)
+
+        # Invert so white text (min=255) becomes black (0) and colored
+        # backgrounds (min~130) become lighter gray (~125).  Tesseract
+        # expects dark text on light background.
+        inverted = cv2.bitwise_not(min_channel)
+
+        gray = cv2.cvtColor(bgr_image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
+        logger.debug(
+            "Channel contrast: inverted-min std=%.1f, grayscale std=%.1f",
+            float(np.std(inverted)), float(np.std(gray)),
+        )
+
+        return inverted
+
    def _apply_clahe(self, image: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
        """
        Apply CLAHE (Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization).
@@ -242,6 +299,84 @@ class VinPreprocessor:
            logger.warning(f"Adaptive threshold failed: {e}")
            return image

+    def _morphological_cleanup(self, image: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
+        """
+        Remove small noise artifacts from a thresholded binary image.
+
+        Morphological opening (erosion then dilation) removes isolated
+        pixels and thin noise lines while preserving larger text characters.
+        """
+        try:
+            kernel = cv2.getStructuringElement(cv2.MORPH_RECT, (2, 2))
+            return cv2.morphologyEx(image, cv2.MORPH_OPEN, kernel)
+        except cv2.error as e:
+            logger.warning(f"Morphological cleanup failed: {e}")
+            return image
+
+    def _otsu_threshold(self, image: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
+        """
+        Apply Otsu's thresholding for binarization.
+
+        Otsu's method auto-calculates the optimal threshold value,
+        which can work better than adaptive thresholding on evenly-lit images.
+        """
+        try:
+            _, result = cv2.threshold(
+                image, 0, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY + cv2.THRESH_OTSU
+            )
+            return result
+        except cv2.error as e:
+            logger.warning(f"Otsu threshold failed: {e}")
+            return image
+
+    def preprocess_otsu(self, image_bytes: bytes) -> PreprocessingResult:
+        """
+        Alternative preprocessing pipeline using Otsu's thresholding.
+
+        Used as a fallback when adaptive thresholding doesn't produce
+        good OCR results.
+        """
+        steps_applied = []
+
+        pil_image = Image.open(io.BytesIO(image_bytes))
+        steps_applied.append("loaded")
+
+        if pil_image.mode not in ("RGB", "L"):
+            pil_image = pil_image.convert("RGB")
+            steps_applied.append("convert_rgb")
+
+        cv_image = np.array(pil_image)
+        if len(cv_image.shape) == 3:
+            cv_image = cv2.cvtColor(cv_image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2BGR)
+
+        if len(cv_image.shape) == 3:
+            gray = self._best_contrast_channel(cv_image)
+        else:
+            gray = cv_image
+        steps_applied.append("grayscale")
+
+        gray = self._ensure_minimum_resolution(gray)
+        steps_applied.append("resolution_check")
+
+        gray = self._apply_clahe(gray)
+        steps_applied.append("clahe")
+
+        gray = self._denoise(gray)
+        steps_applied.append("denoise")
+
+        gray = self._otsu_threshold(gray)
+        gray = self._morphological_cleanup(gray)
+        steps_applied.append("otsu_threshold")
+
+        result_image = Image.fromarray(gray)
+        buffer = io.BytesIO()
+        result_image.save(buffer, format="PNG")
+
+        return PreprocessingResult(
+            image_bytes=buffer.getvalue(),
+            preprocessing_applied=steps_applied,
+        )
+
    def detect_vin_region(self, image_bytes: bytes) -> Optional[BoundingBox]:
        """
        Attempt to detect the VIN region in an image.
--- a/ocr/app/validators/vin_validator.py
+++ b/ocr/app/validators/vin_validator.py
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ class VinValidator:
    # VIN character set (excludes I, O, Q)
    VALID_CHARS = set("ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTUVWXYZ0123456789")

-    # Common OCR misreads and their corrections
+    # Common OCR misreads and their corrections.
+    # Only map characters that are INVALID in VINs to their likely correct values.
+    # B and S are valid VIN characters and must NOT be transliterated.
    TRANSLITERATION = {
        "I": "1",
        "O": "0",
@@ -29,9 +31,6 @@ class VinValidator:
        "o": "0",
        "q": "0",
        "l": "1",
-        "L": "1",
-        "B": "8",  # Sometimes confused
-        "S": "5",  # Sometimes confused
    }

    # Weights for check digit calculation (positions 1-17)
@@ -224,6 +223,11 @@ class VinValidator:
        """
        Extract VIN candidates from raw OCR text.

+        Uses two strategies:
+        1. Find continuous 11-20 char alphanumeric runs (handles intact VINs)
+        2. Concatenate adjacent short fragments separated by spaces/dashes
+           (handles Tesseract fragmenting VINs into multiple words)
+
        Args:
            text: Raw OCR text
            max_candidates: Maximum number of candidates to return
@@ -231,29 +235,104 @@ class VinValidator:
        Returns:
            List of (vin, start_pos, end_pos) tuples
        """
-        # Pattern to find potential VIN sequences
-        # Allow some flexibility for OCR errors (include I, O, Q for correction later)
-        potential_vin_pattern = re.compile(r"[A-Z0-9IOQ]{11,17}", re.IGNORECASE)
-
        candidates = []
-        for match in potential_vin_pattern.finditer(text.upper()):
-            candidate = match.group()
-            corrected = self.correct_ocr_errors(candidate)
+        seen_vins: set[str] = set()

-            # Only include if it could be a valid VIN after correction
-            if len(corrected) == 17 and self.MODERN_VIN_PATTERN.match(corrected):
-                candidates.append((corrected, match.start(), match.end()))
+        upper_text = text.upper()

-        # Sort by likelihood of being valid (check digit validation)
+        # Strategy 1: Find continuous runs of VIN-like characters
+        continuous_pattern = re.compile(r"[A-Z0-9IOQ]{11,20}", re.IGNORECASE)
+        for match in continuous_pattern.finditer(upper_text):
+            self._try_add_candidate(
+                match.group(), match.start(), match.end(), candidates, seen_vins
+            )
+
+        # Strategy 2: Concatenate adjacent alphanumeric fragments
+        # This handles OCR fragmentation like "1HGBH 41JXMN 109186"
+        # Only consider fragments >= 3 chars (filters out noise/short words)
+        fragment_pattern = re.compile(r"[A-Z0-9IOQ]{3,}", re.IGNORECASE)
+        fragments = [
+            (m.group(), m.start(), m.end())
+            for m in fragment_pattern.finditer(upper_text)
+        ]
+
+        # Try sliding windows of 2-4 adjacent fragments
+        for window_size in range(2, min(5, len(fragments) + 1)):
+            for i in range(len(fragments) - window_size + 1):
+                window = fragments[i : i + window_size]
+                combined = "".join(f[0] for f in window)
+                # Combined length must be close to 17 (allow +/- 2 for OCR noise)
+                # Must contain at least 2 digit characters (VINs always have digits;
+                # pure-alphabetic text is almost certainly not a VIN)
+                if 15 <= len(combined) <= 19 and sum(c.isdigit() for c in combined) >= 2:
+                    self._try_add_candidate(
+                        combined, window[0][1], window[-1][2], candidates, seen_vins
+                    )
+
+        # Sort by likelihood of being valid (check digit first, then position)
        def score_candidate(c: tuple[str, int, int]) -> int:
            vin = c[0]
            if self.validate_check_digit(vin):
-                return 0  # Best score
+                return 0
            return 1

        candidates.sort(key=score_candidate)
        return candidates[:max_candidates]

+    def _try_add_candidate(
+        self,
+        raw: str,
+        start: int,
+        end: int,
+        candidates: list[tuple[str, int, int]],
+        seen_vins: set[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Try to add a corrected VIN candidate if it passes validation."""
+        corrected = self.correct_ocr_errors(raw)
+
+        if len(corrected) == 17:
+            self._add_if_valid(corrected, start, end, candidates, seen_vins)
+            return
+
+        if len(corrected) > 17:
+            # Strategy A: try every 17-char sliding window
+            for i in range(len(corrected) - 16):
+                window = corrected[i : i + 17]
+                self._add_if_valid(window, start, end, candidates, seen_vins)
+
+            # Strategy B: for 18-19 char strings, try deleting each
+            # character one at a time.  OCR often inserts a spurious
+            # character (e.g. sticker border read as 'C') that breaks
+            # the VIN.  Check-digit validation filters out false hits.
+            if len(corrected) <= 19:
+                for i in range(len(corrected)):
+                    reduced = corrected[:i] + corrected[i + 1 :]
+                    if len(reduced) == 17:
+                        self._add_if_valid(
+                            reduced, start, end, candidates, seen_vins
+                        )
+                    elif len(reduced) == 18:
+                        # Two deletions needed — try removing one more
+                        for j in range(len(reduced)):
+                            reduced2 = reduced[:j] + reduced[j + 1 :]
+                            self._add_if_valid(
+                                reduced2, start, end, candidates, seen_vins
+                            )
+
+    def _add_if_valid(
+        self,
+        vin: str,
+        start: int,
+        end: int,
+        candidates: list[tuple[str, int, int]],
+        seen_vins: set[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add a 17-char VIN to candidates if it matches the pattern."""
+        if len(vin) == 17 and self.MODERN_VIN_PATTERN.match(vin):
+            if vin not in seen_vins:
+                seen_vins.add(vin)
+                candidates.append((vin, start, end))
+

 # Singleton instance
 vin_validator = VinValidator()
--- a/ocr/tests/test_vin_preprocessor.py
+++ b/ocr/tests/test_vin_preprocessor.py
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ class TestVinPreprocessor:
        )

        assert "grayscale" in result.preprocessing_applied
+        assert "resolution_check" in result.preprocessing_applied
        assert "clahe" in result.preprocessing_applied
        assert "deskew" in result.preprocessing_applied
        assert "denoise" in result.preprocessing_applied
@@ -185,6 +186,54 @@ class TestVinPreprocessorThreshold:
        assert len(unique_values) <= 2


+class TestVinPreprocessorOtsu:
+    """Tests for Otsu's thresholding preprocessing."""
+
+    def test_otsu_threshold_creates_binary_image(self) -> None:
+        """Test Otsu's thresholding creates binary output."""
+        preprocessor = VinPreprocessor()
+        image = np.full((100, 400), 128, dtype=np.uint8)
+
+        result = preprocessor._otsu_threshold(image)
+
+        unique_values = np.unique(result)
+        assert len(unique_values) <= 2
+
+    def test_preprocess_otsu_returns_result(self) -> None:
+        """Test Otsu preprocessing pipeline returns valid result."""
+        preprocessor = VinPreprocessor()
+        image_bytes = create_test_image()
+
+        result = preprocessor.preprocess_otsu(image_bytes)
+
+        assert result.image_bytes is not None
+        assert len(result.image_bytes) > 0
+        assert "otsu_threshold" in result.preprocessing_applied
+        assert "grayscale" in result.preprocessing_applied
+
+
+class TestVinPreprocessorResolution:
+    """Tests for resolution upscaling."""
+
+    def test_upscale_small_image(self) -> None:
+        """Test small images are upscaled."""
+        preprocessor = VinPreprocessor()
+        small_image = np.full((50, 200), 128, dtype=np.uint8)
+
+        result = preprocessor._ensure_minimum_resolution(small_image)
+
+        assert result.shape[1] >= preprocessor.MIN_WIDTH_FOR_VIN
+
+    def test_no_upscale_large_image(self) -> None:
+        """Test large images are not upscaled."""
+        preprocessor = VinPreprocessor()
+        large_image = np.full((200, 800), 128, dtype=np.uint8)
+
+        result = preprocessor._ensure_minimum_resolution(large_image)
+
+        assert result.shape == large_image.shape
+
+
 class TestVinRegionDetection:
    """Tests for VIN region detection."""

--- a/ocr/tests/test_vin_validator.py
+++ b/ocr/tests/test_vin_validator.py
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ class TestVinValidator:
        result = validator.calculate_check_digit("1HGBH41JXMN109186")
        assert result == "X"

-        # 5YJSA1E28HF123456 has check digit 2 at position 9
+        # 5YJSA1E28HF123456 has check digit at position 9
        result = validator.calculate_check_digit("5YJSA1E28HF123456")
-        assert result == "8"  # Verify this is correct for this VIN
+        assert result == "5"

    def test_validate_check_digit_valid(self) -> None:
        """Test check digit validation with valid VIN."""
@@ -161,6 +161,27 @@ class TestVinValidator:
        assert len(candidates) >= 1
        assert candidates[0][0] == "1HGBH41JXMN109186"

+    def test_extract_candidates_fragmented_vin(self) -> None:
+        """Test candidate extraction handles space-fragmented VINs from OCR."""
+        validator = VinValidator()
+
+        # Tesseract often fragments VINs into multiple words
+        text = "1HGBH 41JXMN 109186"
+        candidates = validator.extract_candidates(text)
+
+        assert len(candidates) >= 1
+        assert candidates[0][0] == "1HGBH41JXMN109186"
+
+    def test_extract_candidates_dash_fragmented_vin(self) -> None:
+        """Test candidate extraction handles dash-separated VINs."""
+        validator = VinValidator()
+
+        text = "1HGBH41J-XMN109186"
+        candidates = validator.extract_candidates(text)
+
+        assert len(candidates) >= 1
+        assert candidates[0][0] == "1HGBH41JXMN109186"
+
    def test_extract_candidates_no_vin(self) -> None:
        """Test candidate extraction with no VIN."""
        validator = VinValidator()